The mosaic prop.test provides wrapper functions around the function of the same name in stats.
These wrappers provide an extended interface (including formulas).
prop.test performs an approximate test of a simple null hypothesis about the
probability of success in a Bernoulli or multinomial experiment
from summarized data or from raw data.
prop.test(
x,
n,
p = NULL,
alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"),
conf.level = 0.95,
data = NULL,
success = NULL,
...
)count of successes, length 2 vector of success and failure counts, a formula, or a character, numeric, or factor vector containing raw data.
sample size (successes + failures) or a data frame (for the formula interface)
a vector of probabilities of success. The length of p must be the same as the number of groups specified by x, and its elements must be greater than 0 and less than 1.
character string specifying the alternative hypothesis, must be one of
"two.sided" (default), "greater" or "less". You can specify just the initial letter.
Only used for testing the null that a single proportion equals a given value, or that two proportions
are equal; ignored otherwise.
confidence level of the returned confidence interval. Must be a single number between 0 and 1. Only used when testing the null that a single proportion equals a given value, or that two proportions are equal; ignored otherwise.
a data frame (if missing, n may be a data frame)
level of variable to be considered success. All other levels are considered failure.
additional arguments (often ignored).
When x is a formula, groups can be used to compare groups:
x = ~ var, groups=g is equivalent to x = var ~ g. na.rm can be a logical
or an integer vector of length 1 or 2 to indicate dimension along which NA's are
removed before coputing the test.
See the examples.
an htest object
This is a wrapper around prop.test() to simplify its use
when the raw data are available, in which case
an extended syntax for prop.test is provided.
When x is a 0-1 vector, 0 is treated as failure and 1 as success. Similarly,
for a logical vector TRUE is treated as success and FALSE as failure.
# Several ways to get a confidence interval for the proportion of Old Faithful
# eruptions lasting more than 3 minutes.
prop.test( faithful$eruptions > 3 )
#>
#> 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
#>
#> data: > [with success = TRUE]faithful$eruptions [with success = TRUE]3 [with success = TRUE]
#> X-squared = 21.798, df = 1, p-value = 3.029e-06
#> alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.5829473 0.6996958
#> sample estimates:
#> p
#> 0.6433824
#>
prop.test(97,272)
#>
#> 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
#>
#> data: 97 out of 272
#> X-squared = 21.798, df = 1, p-value = 3.029e-06
#> alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.3003042 0.4170527
#> sample estimates:
#> p
#> 0.3566176
#>
faithful$long <- faithful$eruptions > 3
prop.test( faithful$long )
#>
#> 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
#>
#> data: $ [with success = TRUE]faithful [with success = TRUE]long [with success = TRUE]
#> X-squared = 21.798, df = 1, p-value = 3.029e-06
#> alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.5829473 0.6996958
#> sample estimates:
#> p
#> 0.6433824
#>
prop.test( ~long , data = faithful )
#>
#> 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
#>
#> data: faithful$long [with success = TRUE]
#> X-squared = 21.798, df = 1, p-value = 3.029e-06
#> alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.5829473 0.6996958
#> sample estimates:
#> p
#> 0.6433824
#>
prop.test( homeless ~ sex, data = HELPrct )
#>
#> 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(homeless ~ sex)
#> X-squared = 3.8708, df = 1, p-value = 0.04913
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -0.226451636 -0.002763425
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2
#> 0.3738318 0.4884393
#>
prop.test( ~ homeless | sex, data = HELPrct )
#>
#> 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(homeless ~ sex)
#> X-squared = 3.8708, df = 1, p-value = 0.04913
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -0.226451636 -0.002763425
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2
#> 0.3738318 0.4884393
#>
prop.test( ~ homeless, groups = sex, data = HELPrct )
#>
#> 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(homeless ~ sex)
#> X-squared = 3.8708, df = 1, p-value = 0.04913
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -0.226451636 -0.002763425
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2
#> 0.3738318 0.4884393
#>
prop.test(anysub ~ link, data = HELPrct, na.rm = TRUE)
#>
#> 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(anysub ~ link)
#> X-squared = 9.2749, df = 1, p-value = 0.002323
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -0.29428286 -0.05895097
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2
#> 0.1567164 0.3333333
#>
prop.test(link ~ anysub, data = HELPrct, na.rm = 1)
#> Warning: NA is being treated as a category for anysub
#>
#> 3-sample test for equality of proportions without continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(link ~ anysub)
#> X-squared = 19.25, df = 2, p-value = 6.607e-05
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2 prop 3
#> 0.3750000 0.6174863 0.6979167
#>
prop.test(link ~ anysub, data = HELPrct, na.rm = TRUE)
#>
#> 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
#>
#> data: tally(link ~ anysub)
#> X-squared = 9.2749, df = 1, p-value = 0.002323
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sided
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -0.3991840 -0.0857887
#> sample estimates:
#> prop 1 prop 2
#> 0.3750000 0.6174863
#>